In this economy, slaves were not commodities but also direct participants as merchants and traders themselves to a degree not found anywhere else. The Statian economy was not based upon plantation monoculture but on providing a free trade port that was then unequalled in the West Indies. Eustatius was unlike that found in the other colonies in that slaves were much more active actors within it. First, slave involvement in the colonial economy on St. Eustatius the comparisons are articulated on two levels. Third, power relations between masters and slaves influenced aspects of slaves’ daily life to varying degrees in each colony. Second, slave roles as agricultural labourers, skilled tradesmen, soldiers, watchmen and then as natives of the various colonies clearly affected their sense of identity. First, ethnicity, comprising the Euroethnic origins of masters, Native American communities, and diverse African cultural legacies, influenced slaves’ lives. These cultural markers can be classified within three thematic catagories that will provide common threads thoughout the thesis. Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles as a case study, I demonstrate the efficacy of comparative analyses in identifying Euro-ethnic cultural trends that guided and affected enslaved African’s lives and are reflected in material cultural remains. I have also identified the temporal changes in the treatment of slaves during the pre-emancipation period that have specific material cultural patterns associated with the Euro-ethnic identity of each colonial power. However, I will show that ther are specific patterns in slave related architecture, foodways, religion and laws that are linked to Euro-ethinic cultural patterns in English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Danish colonies during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. It is generally believed that environmental conditions determined much in the way of slave architecture and foodways. Using a comparative approach, I have reviewed patterns associated with each European colonial power. In this thesis, a synthetic analysis of historical and archaeological material from slave sites across the Americas is used to identify the cultural role of the slave holder in transforming African-American societies. Three numerically small but significant Irish ‘waves’ are identified and briefly examined in the context of Spain’s foreign immigration policy: indentured servants around the middle of the seventeenth century illegal traders in the early 1700s and Irish farmers, artisans and soldiers during the late Bourbon period, c. In doing so, it also aims to show how changes in Spain’s colonial priorities impacted on Irish immigration in Puerto Rico. This essay seeks to bridge this gap by linking the Irish diaspora to a long history of Anglo- Spanish rivalry both in Europe and the West Indies. Nor are the ‘push’ factors that might help explain why they came to the island discussed at any length. Puerto Rican historiography acknowledges the presence of a handful of Irish planters in the late eighteenth century, but provides few clues about those who came before or after that time (Picó 1986: 142). The Irish experience in Spanish colonial Puerto Rico is no exception. The historical treatment of Irish Catholics by the English and British governments has been the subject of much examination, but systematic research on the social, economic, and political impact of Irish refugees who sought asylum inSpain and Latin America at various times since the sixteenth century has only recently drawn the attention of scholars.
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